Boch, R. (1997). The rise and decline of flexible production: The cutlery industry of Solingen since the eighteenth century. In C.F. Sabel & J. Zeitlin (Eds.), World of possibilities: Flexibility and mass production in Western industrialization (153-187). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
In the cutlery industry in Solingen: "By the mid eighteenth century the formerly independent smiths, grinders and hafters had become mere artisan workers, getting their raw material or semi-finished products from the merchant-capitalists in advance and being paid by the piece" (Boch 1997, 155)
a particular model of work to the place and period: even when centralized in ~100-worker grinding halls, "Each grinder still owned his tools and worked on his own account for different merchant capitalists, only 'paying for steam' power in the halls" (Boch 1997, 156)
In the cutlery industry in Solingen: "By the mid eighteenth century the formerly independent smiths, grinders and hafters had become mere artisan workers, getting their raw material or semi-finished products from the merchant-capitalists in advance and being paid by the piece" (Boch 1997, 155)
a particular model of work to the place and period: even when centralized in ~100-worker grinding halls, "Each grinder still owned his tools and worked on his own account for different merchant capitalists, only 'paying for steam' power in the halls" (Boch 1997, 156)